Only 5% of Earth Land Unmodified by Human

How much of the terrestrial lands have been modified by human beings?

A recent study published on Global Change Biology revealed a far lower estimate of 5% than the previous 19%.

(a) Cumulative human modification (HMc) across global terrestrial lands | Source: Global Change Biology

Thirteen human factors in 6 categories are considered in calculation.

  • human settlement (population density and built‐up areas)
  • agriculture (cropland and livestock)
  • transportation (major roads, minor roads, two tracks, and railroads)
  • mining
  • energy production (oil wells and wind turbines)
  • electrical infrastructure (powerlines and nighttime lights)

Meanwhile, nearly 50% of the lands are considered with low human modification.

So there is a contrast of how little of the land (5%) we haven’t touched and how much of the land we haven barely explored (44%)