Saudi Arabia’s financial situation has been closely linked to oil prices.
Saudi Arabia Oil and Non-oil revenues 2012 to 2016 | Source: Saudi Arabia Ministry of Finance statement about the national budget for 2017
The majority of the revenue is from oil exports. Its oil revenue has decreased more than 50% due to the oil price slump in 2014.
Oil comprises 30-40 percent of the real GDP of Saudi Arabia.
Saudi understood the need to diversify decades ago. It became more serious after the 2014 oil price shock. But that means more expenditure and efforts to push for the economic reform.
While expenditure kept increasing, Saudi government has quickly generated its deficits since 2014. Deficit in 2015 is at a similar level of its surplus in 2012 – a SAR 740 billion difference in 3 years. And debts are accumulated quickly.
Saudi has planned to eliminate its deficit by 2023, which could be easily done if oil price maintains.
In Dec 2018, Saudi released its budget of 2019, which includes an expenditure of over SAR 1 trillion and a deficit of SAR 131 billion.
While the sixth straight deficit is not something to worry about, the real question is to what level Saudi can diversify its economy and becomes a sustainable nation even without oil. (the contribution of non-oil revenues to total revenues up from 12% in 2014 to 32% in 2018)
Talks around Canada’s housing market have been surging – about its booming prices and about its looming risks.
The price side – directly shown by its pricing index from Statistics Canada – plotted below from Jan. 2006 – Oct. 2018.
Canada Housing Price Index | Source: Author, Statistics Canada
Toronto’ prices are the most wild in among Canada’s housing markets – nearly doubled in 39 month from Jan. 2014 to Apr. 2017.
Toronto home prices 2014 – 2017 | Source: Financial Post
The price itself is not actually something to worry about. But as FT argued, “House prices have raced ahead of wages for years, boosted by loose lending, low interest rates and lax controls on foreign money.” Similarly on Huffpost, “Toronto’s house price index doubled between 2011 and 2017, even as household incomes grew by single percentage points.”
And let’s take a look at the housing debt level – the risky side.
Bank of Canada said the two trillion dollars of debt is around 170% of disposable income.
and housing debt versus GDP – just passed 100% for 2017 Q2.
The regulator took actions to cool down the market.
The short-sellers/investors took theirs too.
Home Capital is at the center, Canada’s largest provider of home loans to the newly arrived and self-employed.
Home Capital Stock Price (C$) | Source: Bloomberg
In Jun. 2017, Warren Buffett’s investment vehicle Berkshire committed to acquire a 38.39% stake as part of a rescue package (C$2.4 billion, including C$400 million equity and C$2 billion credit line with 9% interest rate). The first tranche of equity investment acquired a 19.99% ownership.
However as the second tranche of equity investment wan’t approved, now in Dec. 2018, the updates came as Buffett would sell most of its stake and reduce ownership level to less than 10%.
Home Capital is under control and stabilized now.
A single crisis is easier to solve than a systematic problem between housing prices and local income.
另一个全球共识,各国家地区都已宣布并付诸实践的,是大力推动新能源汽车的发展,最具代表性的就是Tesla为首的电动汽车。按照各自的时间表,内燃机车的销售还能有10-20年。实际我认为电动汽车时代会来得更快,就像iPhone短短两三年就能让诺基亚和黑莓成为历史。虽然汽车相比于手机周期会更长,但变革来临时,用脚投票的消费者往往超出现有预期。最好的证明 – Tesla Model 3 在今年第三季度已经成为美国最受欢迎销量最好的车型。
参考 case 1:加州 Lawson v. GrubHub,2 月 Judge Corley 支持 independent contractor [trial court];在下面的 case 之后,5 月 Lawson 上诉至 U.S. Court of Appeals for Ninth Circuit
(A) that the worker is free from the control and direction of the hiring entity in connection with the performance of the work, both under the contract for the performance of the work and in fact;
(B) that the worker performs work that is outside the usual course of the hiring entity’s business; and
(C) that the worker is customarily engaged in an independently established trade, occupation, or business of the same nature as the work performed.
参考 case 3:纽约州 The New York State Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board 于 7 月支持 uber driver 在失业保险方面应算作 uber 的 employee
相关 case – 领取失业福利的同时开 uber:Lowman v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review [Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court],“by occasionally accepting offers of work such as that afforded by Uber, an individual does not make a ‘positive step’ toward establishing an independent business”,参见 Bruce L. Baldwin 文章