Potential 30% decline in new long-term debt

According to PBOC, till Nov 2025, China residents’ long-term debt only increased 1.27 trillion rmb, compared with 1.95 trillion rmb last year.

If Dec 2025 can add 0.3 trillion like last year, it would be ~1.57 trillion rmb, thus down 30% yoy for 2025 vs 2.25 trillion in 2024.

We have already seen 3-year of consecutive decline new this number.

2021: 6.0759 trillion

2022: 3.0566 trillion (-50% yoy)

2023: 2.5507 trillion (-17% yoy)

2024: 2.25 trillion (-12% yoy)

2025: 1.57 trillion (for illustration, -30%)

This is the new additional long-term debt that households are taking, mostly related to mortgages.

This could be negative number.

Existing home prices continue to decline since Apr 2025

Following the previous post on decline in new home sales, here is an update for existing home prices in tier-1 cities in China.

Seven-month of MoM price decline across existing homes in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.


Previous notes on existing home prices

Home price continues to fall in June in China

China’s home price continued to weaken MoM

Existing home price index near flattish in Feb 2025 across tier-1 cities

 

An interesting analysis from Dec 2024

From presentation: 云开雾散见曙光

一、转型、周期性压力
2018年前后,中国经济增长模式逐步摆脱依靠债务基建和房地产驱动的增长形式,转向依靠技术进步和产业升级。经济转型过程中有些行业兴起,有些行业衰落,总量层面经济增速放慢可以理解,可以想象,属于转型过程中的成长的烦恼。更多来自于周期的扰动而不是转型的代价。

我们以全部上市公司为基础(A股、港股,中概股),把这些公司分为三类:1)支持类2500家,政府支持鼓励,支持经济转型引导方向;2)限制类500家,政府试图加以规范管理和限制,行业自身也在走向衰落;3)中性类2600家,商贸零售社会服务,和转型过程没有很紧密的联系,整体属于中性。上市公司营业收入占2024年GDP总量50%以上,具有一定代表性。

2016年至今,中性类行业的营业收入/总市值占比总体稳定。2018-2020年之间,限制类行业占比明显收缩,支持类行业占比明显扩张,政府试图限制的行业在收缩,政府试图支持的行业在扩张,营业收入和总市值维度都是如此。说明经济转型在确定性地发生。无论经济增速如何波动,中性行业的占比一直保持不变,不受到限制性和支持性政策的影响。

2018年以来,支持类板块的股价上升,限制类板块的股价大幅下跌,二者之间的裂口是过去十几年没有看到的,这说明政府引导经济转型的努力在金融市场的定价中得到了反映。2010-2018年,股价表现则完全相反,进一步确认了政府引导经济转型的转折点。

我们通过观察中性行业的表现,去剥离转型和政策的影响。2017年以来,中性行业的营业收入大幅下滑,从这个指标来看,中性行业营业收入的下滑不是转型的影响,而是周期的力量;从雇佣员工数据来看也是如此。

至此我们完成了第一部分的讨论,经济的转型取得了一定成绩,同时,经济增速趋势性下滑,这一下滑和转型没有很大关系,更多反映周期的趋势性力量。

二、消费、收入
看中国30多个省级行政区的数据,纵轴是疫情前的消费增长情况,横轴是人口老化程度。

疫情前:年轻人占比与消费不相关。
疫情后:年轻人占比越高的省份消费越差。

一个省人口越年轻,消费增长越慢;一个省人口越老,消费增长越快。这个结论有些反直觉,被市场参与者归纳为三句话:生机勃勃的老年人,死气沉沉的年轻人和生无可恋的中年人。

对老年人而言,未来可预期的退休金是可以按时发放,每年稳定增长,并高于通胀水平,收入预期没有任何影响,可以继续搞夕阳红,跳广场舞。

对年轻人而言,收入预期大幅下修,收入增长确定性大幅下修,找不到工作,找到的工作与预期有显著落差,年轻人纷纷节衣缩食关灯吃面。

我们看另一个数据:省级行政区的消费情况,和省会城市二手房价的涨幅。疫情前,消费和房价几乎不相关。疫情后,房价下跌严重的地区消费更差。我们倾向于认为,疫情后,买房人总体是年轻人,一个地区的年轻人对未来越没有信心,他们的消费越弱,买房的意愿也会越弱。没有收入预期,没有消费能力,也不敢买房。

这一模式所得到的结果,和我们观察地区人口老化的结果,指向了类似的结论:年轻人收入预期下滑,消费信心和购房意愿都被显著抑制;但老年群体的收入预期没有被限制,生活幸福感强。

为什么会发生这种情况?

三、就业
我们观察失业率,2022年两轮封城失业率脉冲式上升,失业率稳中有降,2024年失业率和2022年、2023年差不多,整体就业压力并不大。

观察体制内也就是非私营单位的平均工资增速,疫情后工资增速有一定下滑,但远没有消费者信心下滑显示的那么显著。

观察城镇就业人口增速,疫情爆发后出现了极速下滑,疫情结束后出现了反弹,但仍低于长期趋势水平。

观察就业人员总量,实线(实际找到工作)和虚线(趋势线)累计岔口4700万人口。换句话说,累计有4700万劳动力无法正常找到工作。这些人去了哪里?

我们观察城镇和乡村就业人员数据,乡村就业人员累计增加了4100万人,与城镇就业人员的减少数量相当接近。

一个可能的解释:疫情后城镇创造就业能力的显著恶化,大量就业人口返回或者滞留在乡村,回老家之后,城镇失业率数据不显示,但在总就业人口中反映出来。

另一部分可能离开了劳动力队伍,四十多岁,工作没有了,公司破产了,开滴滴,在家炒股,或者在家呆着,在就业和失业数据上都看不到。

这些数据在经济产出上的表现是什么呢?总量数据上,城市吸收就业的主要是第三产业,由于技术进步资本积累,制造业吸收就业在过去十多年一直是负增长。我们观察第三产业增加值占比,疫情后第三产业占比与趋势线也出现了很大的裂口,对应的就是城镇就业人口的缺失。

我们观察全国存量就业质量衡量指标,不仅是就业数据下降,就业质量也出现了恶化。不仅仅是金融行业由于羞耻感出现了就业质量的恶化。

我们观察五险一金的缴纳比,与历史趋势相比也出现了显著的恶化。这和前面的上市公司数据、消费数据都是呼应的,不能反映为转型的烦恼,而是周期的力量。

四、总量数据
我们通过产出缺口与核心CPI观察物价数据,纵轴核心CPI是CPI扣除食品和能源等高波动成分,横轴是中国经济增长和潜在增长能力的差,叫做产出能力。

一般经济理论认为二者存在非常紧密的联系,我们倾向于认为中国在2013年前后经过了刘易斯第二拐点,产出缺口与物价之间的关系确实变得很紧密。

但是有两个异常点,都超过了两倍或三倍方差的水平。这两个异常点就是2023年和2024年。

在中国总量数据中,最可信的是价格,抽样就可以,各种力量很难操纵,另外一些数据的可靠性就弱一些,容易受到非统计因素的扰动。

我们看城镇就业人员增速和GDP实际同比的关系,经济增长大概率会创造更多的工作,产出的扩张会伴随就业的增加。

如果我们认为就业数据,那么经济增速就……

如果我们认为经济增速数据,那么就业数据就……

就业和增长的关系在过去两年,2020年疫情以来的四年作为一个时间段,2019年取同样的时间段,前后比较物商品消费。

疫情之前,消费增长与经济增长差不多,消费增长还要略快一些。
疫情之后,消费增长比经济增长低得多得多。
疫情之前,经济增长和投资增长差不多。
疫情之后,经济增长比投资增长快多了。

合并所有数据,消费和投资的增长和经济增长有某种关系,在疫情后这种关系变得显著的反常。

我们以疫情前的数据为基础,疫情后,要么是消费增速低估了,要么是经济增速高估了,在其他科目中没有看到这种吸收关系。

最后一个层面的问题,我们知道中国房地产是在2020年8月后进入大幅下滑的过程,到现在已经超过了三年的时间,是造成当前经济困难最主要的原因之一,这是大家广泛接受的事实。

很多人认为,中国在2021年之后经历了房地产泡沫的破灭,从开工销售等数据上,这个结论说得通。

我们比较了中国和发生房地产危机国家的前三年和后三年的经济增速。经济增速发生了大幅下滑,三年平均增速-7%,中位数-3%到-4%,最少也有-2%。中国的经济增速只下滑了0.2%,几乎没有下滑。在政府财政没有逆向扩张的情况下,经济增速没有显著下滑。

把这一对比和物价就业和GDP细分对比合并,房地产泡沫一来,GDP增速每一年高估了3个百分点,累计高估了10个百分点,这与城镇就业人口流失的4700万对应上了。

下修了这3个百分点,所有的数据都对得上了。

好消息是什么呢?

926的会议开始正视问题,正视经济增长层面存在的问题,并准备采取强有力措施解决问题。

当前面对的问题不是成长的烦恼而是周期的压力,接下来就是采取措施去解决这些问题。

我们如何来评估这些措施?

1、泡沫破灭后,经济增速要回到正常水平,平均需要9年。
2、泡沫破灭后,经济萎缩,政府救助,产出的绝对水平恢复到泡沫破灭前,也需要3-4年。

以这样的模式为基础,中国的经济增长要恢复到泡沫破灭前,还需要比较长时间的等待。积极状态下也需要3-4年的时间,我们对泡沫破灭后的干预是否积极,不同人会有不同的看法,即便非常积极,要快速完全恢复,也不是很现实。

我们要面对后泡沫时代相对比较弱的增长,我们要从危机阶段转入相对较弱的正常增长,是后泡沫时代泡沫管理时期的重要挑战。

一般性的干预措施包括大规模降息,稳定金融机构资产负债表,政府部门资产负债表扩张,是否规模够大,是否足够及时,是否足够有力。我们的政府已经做了大量的工作,降息层面还有很多工作要做,除了金融机构还应该包括影子类金融机构,政府部门也需要更大力度的扩张。

经济从国际经验来看也会转入相对温和的增长,维持较长时间的温和增长后才能恢复到一个比较正常的水平。

综上,2025年可能是一个重要的转折点。从2023年、2024年的数据异常点,向保持温和增长的转折时期,泡沫带来的失衡得到了修正,政府的政策也更为积极有力,也意味着股票市场的运行有了稳定可预期的宏观环境。

 

Gree is not competitor of Midea, Xiaomi is

Midea has over 400mn billion rmb revenue in 2024.

Xiaomi is climbing over 400 billion rmb revenue in 2025.

Midea’s typical gross margin is ~25%+, Xiaomi is also over 20%.

Midea net income margin is higher at ~9-10%, Xiaomi is now ~8-9%.

Both have over CNY 40bn net income in 2025.

Both have diversified business lines. And Xiaomi is entering the core home appliance segment globally.

Both have potential in future robotics business. [Xiaomi’s robot] [Midea’s robot]

Due to Xiaomi cars, Xiaomi is revenue growth is fast, projected to be ~30% in 2025. Midea revenue growth rate in 2025 is ~10%.

Xiao may compound faster, as

1/ Midea has ~70% dividend payout, while Xiaomi doesn’t pay any.

2/ Xiaomi has higher growth momentum, driven by cars.

3/ Xiaomi employees are more software and AI-focused.


Meanwhile, Gree has a smaller revenue base of ~below 200 bilion rmb, less than half of Xiaomi or Midea.

Gree does enjoy a higher net income margin of high-teens in 2024, but that may turn out to be a sign of underinvestment in talents and future development.

Chinese consumers and Chinese cultural products

From Black Myth: Wuong last summer, to Labubu, to Ne Zha 2 this year, Chinese cultural products are making amazing progresses.

They make records in different categories:

Black Myth: Wukong is widely regarded as the first successful AAA game from the Chinese video game industry, and is “one of the fastest-selling games of all time“.

Labubu is a fashion toy that is popularizing across the world.

Ne Zha 2 is an animated film, and is the highest-grossing animated film globally and the highest-grossing film in China.


They are all very successful in China.

They are not all very successful globally – Ne Zha 2 didn’t resonate a lot with the ex-China market. It is made for the Chinese market.

Black Myth: Wukong is made for global markets and it does resonate with gamers globally, but the appealing is less so for ex-China market. Chinese gamers who know the novel (nearly everyone) would enjoy it more.

Labubu doesn’t have a target audience in mind. It’s a “fashion” that can be even more popular in certain regions ex-China than China.


Their importance are different.

Ne Zha 2 and Black Myth: Wukong are in traditional industries. They can be considered the “best ever” for an average Chinese consumer for has never been exposed to global cultural products; but on a global standard, they are not significantly better than other cultural products.

Labubu is more in its own game.

Btw, both movie and games are regulated in China. But toy is less regulated.

On IP ownership: both Ne Zha 2 and Black Myth: Wukong borrowed IP from traditional Chinese tales. Labubu IP is created contemporarily and is owned by the company.

 

China version of German premium cars

It’s weird to me that the BMW 5 Series, Audi A6, and Benz E Series are priced much cheaper than their foreign original version.

The gap can be 1/3 – BMW 5 Series will cost ~$60k (maybe 8% dealer discount) vs slightly above $40k in China.

They don’t look exactly the same, but the China version will be even “longer” / “larger”.

This is weird again as I would assume bigger cars cost more – e.g. BMW 5 Series is bigger than BMW 3 Series.

I can only assume that the components used in China version are different from the original version, thus cost is lower.

But still, it’s hard to imagine a good things is priced lower in China vs abroad.

Typically, a “real good thing” can be priced higher in China due to large population base and thus is short in supply.


Update

China’s BMW 525Li is weaker than German BMW 520i.

Audi’s and Benz’s is similar performance across China and German.

Things are moving fast… within China’s financial system

Last year, Huarong, now China CITIC Financial Asset Management (2799.HK), bought into Bank of China H-share, becoming a over 3% shareholder. And it took one non-executive board seat of Bank of China right after.

Great Wall AMC, became a over 3% sharehoder of Minsheng Bank and got 1 non-executive board seat.

Xinda, via purchasing convertible bonds, became a over 3% sharehoder of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank.

These shouldn’t be taken lightly, as banks are heavily regulated in China. So there were political decisions made.

BYD hit a ceiling in China?

BYD domestic volume in May shows no growth yoy, despite overseas growth of 137% yoy.

YTD (Jan-May), BYD domestic volume has grown 27.5% yoy, but in May it’s flattish yoy at below 300k.

The big promotion in May is probably a reason –  dealers might had been waiting for the discount, so that May volume is low.

Current consensus is for BYD to sell ~5.4mn cars in 2025, with overseas contributing 0.8mn and domestic sales reaches 4.6m (to grow near 20% yoy).

China overall passenger car market can grow actually, with cheaper models, large population (4x US!), and shorter holding period for each car (due to battery).

In 2024, U.S. new vehicle sales reached approximately 15.9 million units.

16mn x 4 is 64 million cars per year for China vs. ~22.6 mn passenger cars sold in 2024 in China.

The infrastructure is unlikely to support a sudden increase, but if it increases to 30mn pear year, 70% NEV -> 21mn, 30-33% m/s for BYD -> ~6-7mn is probably the ceiling of domestic volume for BYD.